Character.AI 이용 통계 (SimilarWeb 기반, 2025) — 세션당 17분 23초, 하루 약 75분, 이용자 51.84%가 18~24세. electroiq.com / demandsage.com
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Frisch, Häusser & Mojzisch, “The Trier Social Stress Test as a paradigm…,” Frontiers in Psychology (2015); Dickerson & Kemeny 메타분석 (2004) — 코르티솔 2~4배, 결합 효과크기 d=0.92
Tamir, D. I. & Mitchell, J. P., “Disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding,” PNAS 109(21):8038-43 (2012)
OpenAI, “Sycophancy in GPT-4o: What happened and what we’re doing about it” (2025.4.29 롤백)
Cheng, M. et al. (Stanford), “Sycophantic AI decreases prosocial intentions and promotes dependence,” Science (2026.3) — 11개 LLM, 인간보다 49% 더 사용자 지지, 참가자 2,405명
Ayers, J. W. et al., “Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions…,” JAMA Internal Medicine 183(6):589-596 (2023) — 챗봇 선호 78.6%, 공감 45.1% vs 4.6%
“Comparing the value of perceived human versus AI-generated empathy,” Nature Human Behaviour (2025, 9개 실험·6,282명)
U.S. Surgeon General, “Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation” (2023) — 사회적 단절의 사망 위험이 하루 담배 15개비에 상당
ISS 골밀도 메타분석 (PMC7200725, 2020); Dirks et al., Diabetes 65(10):2862 (2016); Marusic et al., J Appl Physiol 131(1):194-206 (2021); NASA 우주생리 보고서 (2025)
David P. Strachan, “Hay fever, hygiene, and household size,” BMJ 299:1259-1260 (1989); 무균 생쥐 면역 연구, mBio (2024)